Passage 4 Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
In recent years there has been an increasing number of large oil spills. These spills, some of which have occurred directly at the site of extraction and others during transportation, have had in adverse effect on marine organisms. Because of the importance of these organisms in the life cycle, research has been carried out in order to identify more accurately the reactions of these organisms to oil. A recent study has revealed that it is essential to understand that there is not one but rather, at least four possible ways in which oil can affect an organism.
First, as a result of an organism’s ingestion of oil, direct lethal toxicity (毒性), that is, death by poisoning, can occur. However, in cases where the effect is less extreme, sub-lethal toxicity occurs. While cellular and physiological processes are involved in both cases in the latter, the organism continues to survive. Second, in some cases, oil forms a covering on the organism. This covering, referred to as coating, can result in smothering, that is, death of the organism due to lack of air. In instances where the effects of coating are less severe, interference with movement and loss of insulated properties of feathers or fur may occur. The third effect of oil on marine organisms is the tainting or contamination of edible organisms. This results from the incorporation of hydrocarbons (碳化氢) into the organism, thus making it unfit for human consumption. The final effect which this study has revealed is that of habital changes. The alterations in the physical and chemical environment brought about by oil spills result in a change in the species composition of a region.
The implications of this must recent study are far-reaching. An oil spill in a particular region could critically upset the balance of nature, the total effect only becoming apparent after many years.
36.What is the title of this passage? A) Marine Organisms; B) Oil Spills. C) The Effect of Oil on Marine Organisms. D) The Study of Oil Spills.
37.Oil spills have occurred ____ . A) at the site’ of transportation B) during extraction C) before making use of it D) at the site of extraction
38.Scientists have started to do the research to ____ . A) reveal the reactions of marine organisms to oil B) find out a way of solving it C) make a clean of oil spills D) reveal the life of marine organisms
39.According to the passage, which of the following is true? A) The organism who ingests lethal toxicity can survive. B) The oil coat will not interfere in organism’s life. C) Organisms can fight against the pollution of oil. D) Oil spills can lead to the change of the environment.
40.The effect of oil spills can be seen ____ . A) immediately B) after quite a long time C) few years later D) after several months
Passage Four 短文大意：最近这些年大规模的石油泄漏事件发生的次数在增加，这给海洋生物造成了不利影响，而且这种影响至少有四种可能性：摄取了石油的生物会中毒死亡；石油在生物上面形成表层，使其窒息而死；污染了可食用的海洋生物；居住环境的变化导致生物种类结构的变化。最近的研究所带来的影响更加深远，它不仅能破坏自然的平衡，而且其整体影响要在许多年以后才会显现。 36. 【参考译文】本篇文章的标题是什么?【试题分析】本题测试的是对文章的中心内容进行概括的能力。【详细解答】本文虽然涉及到了海洋生物的问题，但是主要是从石油对海洋生物的影响的角度出发的，因此本题的最佳选项是C项“石油对海洋生物的影响”。A和B所说只是文章的一部分，不能代表全部，所以不合适。D项无法在文章中找到依据，也不是本题的答案。 37. 【参考译文】石油溢出发生在____。【试题分析】本题测试的是文章的细节部分。【详细解答】根据文章所述，石油的溢出应该是发生在抽取地点和运输过程当中(These spills,some of which have occurred directly at the site of extraction and others during transportation...)。从这句话来判断，本题唯一的正确答案只能是D，其他的选项都与此句话相违背。 38. 【参考译文】科学家已经开始进行研究以____。【试题分析】本题测试的是对文章句意的理解。【详细解答】文章在第一段中清楚地讲到：Because of the importance of these organisms in the life cycle,research had been carried out in order to identify more accurately the reactions of these organisms to oil.从这句话就可以判断出本题的正确答案应该是A项而非其他。 39. 【参考译文】根据短文，下列叙述正确的是哪一项?【试题分析】本题测试的是判断能力。【详细解答】本题的四项叙述都是关于石油溢出对海洋生物的影响的，而其基本影响在文章的第二段中给予了详细的说明，对照原文，D项“石油溢出能够导致环境的改变”与文章The final effect which this study has revealed is that of habitat changes.The alterations in the physical and chemical environment brought about by oil spills result in a change in the species composition of a region.相符，所以本题的正确答案是D项。 40. 【参考译文】石油溢出的影响要在____才能看出来。【试题分析】本题是道细节题。【详细解答】本题答案的在文章的最后一段：...the total effect only becoming apparent after many years.许多年之后不是一段很短的时间，所以最佳选项只能是B项。
