贡献四六级辅导之完形填空
今天先来讲一讲完形填空。完形填空最早是由英国学者泰勒(Taylor)根据格式塔心理学的原理所设计的。格式塔心理学家认为，人们观察物体形状时，往往会无意识地把物体看成是完整的，即使形状中有空缺也会填补上去。人在阅读过程中将空缺的词语填补上去，也是同样的道理。我们在做完形填空的时候就要特别注意，文章是一个有机的整体——我们千万不能割裂上下文的联系啊。
具体方法如下(适合自己的就是好方法，此法仅供参考)：
1) 先通读一遍全文，抓住文章的大意(main idea)或称中心思想(controlling idea)——这一思想一般包含在由段首主题句、段尾结束语以及各种重复出现的词语交织而成的信息网之中。对于与上下文关系很小的句内题，如大多数语法和一些词汇搭配题，可边读边填。
2) 对于需要推敲的选择项，一定要紧密联系上下文，从多方面仔细推敲，尤其是大多数词汇辨析考题，在分析词汇间差别的时候，还应该充分考虑上下文构造的语境。
3) 完成填空后，应再读一遍文章，检查还原的文章是否完整、合理、流畅。
心得体会：
1) 考试中对几遍来做并无严格限定，实际上是变速跑，有的地方快，有的地方慢——一切尽在掌握之中。大家对时间应非常敏感，实际上在考前这个时间表大家就该琢磨多遍了。总时间一般建议连填涂答题卡在12-13分钟，为阅读省下2-3分钟左右为宜。词汇再为阅读省下4-5分钟，这样阅读就肯定能保证40分钟(注意各题目交接有时间损耗)，就比较理想了。
2) 文章中间的中心思想一旦抓住，大家肯定有势如破竹的感觉。因为连贯(coherence)是无处不在的——我们现在说的 coherence通常包括cohesion(词汇意义上的连结)和狭义的coherence(意义层面上的连贯)。所以有许多词直接奉送给大家就不足为奇了(但有的离得很远喔)，还有的虽没有原词奉送，却是反义词或近义词或相关词汇的情形，就举不胜举了。
绝技传授：
许多专业英语的完形测试是没有选项的，难度很高——这给我们的启示很大。完形的难度低于阅读，与语法、词汇、阅读和写作都有千丝万缕的联系。我们可以先想一个词填在空中，然后再看选项比对，若有当然毫不犹豫地拿下；如无，取同义词或近义词即可。不要真接看选项——即使我们想不到一个好词，大多数情况下也可构拟出汉语意思。长此以往，对个人语感的培养有大的好处。大家不妨一试。
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. _ 71 _ a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the _ 72 _ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The _ 73 _ student is considered to be _ 74 _ who is motivated (激发) to learn for the sake of _ 75 _, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes
71. A) If B) Although C) Because D) Before
72. A) suggestion B) context C) abstract D) information
73. A) poor B) ideal C) average D) disappointed
74. A) such B) one C) any D) some
75. A) fun B) work C) learning D) prize
76. A) by B) in C) for D) with
77. A) criticized B) innocent C) responsible D) dismissed
78. A) collected B) distributed C) assigned D) finished
79. A) maximum B) minimum C) possible D) practical
80. A) student’s B) professor’s C) assistant’s D) librarian’s
81. A) when B) what C) why D) how
82. A) particularly B) essentially C) obviously D) rarely
83. A) selections B) collections C) sources D) origins
84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer
85. A) too B) such C) much D) more
86. A) but B) except C) with D) besides
87. A) However B) Therefore C) Furthermore D) Nevertheless
88. A) plentiful B) limited C) irregular D) flexible
89. A) greet B) annoy C) approach D) attach
90. A) or B) and C) to D) but
本文是单段文章，首句即揭示了文章的核心思想——许多老师认为学习的责任在于学生。只要抓住了这一点，这篇文章的问题立即次第解开。
71题首选after或when，当然没有选if亦可。72题首选content，没有选information当然可以。不可选 context，那是理解的依据，而非目的。73从句中motivated推知自然是good，当然ideal更好。74是代指单数名词的代词，应是 one；句中后半立即验证。75题一想就知不是grades(或marks、scores之类，美国大学多不给具体分数，而是打出等级，最高是A+)，看选项立即想出原来是learning，是为了学习。76从与后半句对比立即得出with。77对照文章首句立即可得答案，看选项对比排除亦可。78看上句最后一词便知。79看后有说no的冲动，立即感觉有点绝对，改为little，一看选项立即选取中minimum。82表递进，自然是 especially，一看选项，选同义词particularly。83注意source与origin(有的辅导书解释欠妥)，source类比于 fountain，origin是指遥远时空的起源，如The origin of this custom is unknown. 我们注意到 selections和collections面都太窄了。84选个与suggest属一类的后面引起宾语从句其中用虚拟语气的情形，看选项非 prefer莫属。85选too，表嫌其过分，语气正好恰合。86教授自然要教学，当选besides。87表因果，首选consequently，没有次选therefore亦可。88除教学外，还要管行政、搞研究，时间自然是有限的(limited)。89首选consult，次选contact，看选项没有选approach也非常好，居然有annoy晕倒。90题中or与前面的either连用。
此篇一气呵成，上下文联系极强。此中解题方面颇多，不一而足。多处选项在设计时为调整难度本来就有不少近义词的置换，在此问题上大家对词汇的敏感度要下点功夫喔，这与阅读中的置换原则有关系啊。
[答案]
71. A 72. D 73. B 74. B 75. C 76. D 77. C 78. C 79. B 80. A
81. D 82. A 83. C 84. D 85. A 86. D 87. B 88. B 89. C 90. A
[补充练习，请下载，建议时间——12分钟]
In the month of September, in Britain, you may see large numbers of birds 71)________ on roofs and telegraph wires. These birds are swallows. They are 72)________ together because, very soon, they will be flying 73)________ to much warmer lands, where they will find 74)________ the small flying insects on which they 75)________. There are no such insects 76)________ in Britain during the winter; it is 77)________ cold for them.
The swallows settle, fly, swoop, and 78) ________ again. This they do many times, for they are making short 79)________ flights in order to be fit for the long journey 80)_______ them.
81) ________ of these migrating birds leave Britain in the autumn. They fly 82)________ for hundreds of miles 83)________ they reach the warm lands of Africa. But not all the birds get there, for many of them perish in the stormy weather they meet with 84)________.
In the spring of the following year they 85) ________ the long and tiring journey back to Britain. They return to the identical barn or tree in the 86)________ district which they had left the 87)________ autumn. How do these birds find their 88)________ there and back over such vast distances? Nobody knows exactly 89)________, but it has something to do 90)________ winds and air currents.
71. A. being perched B. perched C. being perching D. be perched
72. A. gathering B. assembling C. waiting D. forming
73. A. to south B. the south C. to southwards D. south
74. A. great number of B. a great deal of C. plenty of D. numerous
75. A. feed B. are fed C. eat D. rely
76. A. near B. about C. nearby D. over
77. A. too B. a bit C. very D. much
78. A. fly off B. swoop C. settle D. turn back
79. A. practical B. practicing C. practice D. practised
80. A. in advance B. ahead of C. in front of D. in front
81. A. Swarms B. Herds C. Flocks D. Schools
82. A. firmly B. stoutly C. harshly D. steadily
83. A. until B. before C. when D. as
84. A. in the way B. on the way C. half the way D. all the way
85. A. have B. fly C. find D. make
86. A. old B. original C. familiar D. identical
87. A. before B. previous C. above D. former
88. A. way B. path C. course D. route
89. A. why B. when C. how D. what
90. A. against B. away C. for D. with
[补充练习答案]
71. B 72. A 73. D 74. C 75. A 76. B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. B
81. C 82. D 83. A 84. B 85. D 86. D 87. B 88. A 89. C 90. D
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